
Attendees at a rally in opposition of LB327 gather around a stage inside the Belmont Community Center on Saturday.
Emma Hart is a 15-year-old student living in Grand Island.
She has dreams of becoming an aerospace engineer and graduating college. For now, though, her day-to-day life consists of an eight-hour school day followed by work to help provide for her family and pay for her schooling.
It’s taken a toll on the high school sophomore. She said her school performance fluctuates heavily, and she’s dealing with anxiety about having enough money saved to accomplish her goals and attend college.
Hart said her family lives in poverty, and that she works to help her family out and cover the cost of her extracurricular activities. Doing so could be harder if a bill is passed by the Legislature that would allow youth to be paid less than Nebraska’s voter-approved minimum wage, Hart said.
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Dozens of Nebraskans gathered Saturday at the Belmont Community Center to protest LB327, which was introduced by Sen. Jane Raybould of Lincoln. The bill would create a youth minimum wage of $10.50 an hour for employees ages 14 through 17, as well as set a training wage starting at $10.50 an hour through 2026, then continuing at 75% of the regular minimum rate.

Raybould
“If you pass LB327, it will be like hanging a banner on the interstate saying ‘Nebraska, it’s honestly not for young people,’” Hart said said in her statement, which was delivered by another rally goer. Hart was unable to attend Saturday's rally.
A handful of people of different generations spoke Saturday. The event was put on by a grassroots equal pay group called Raise the Wage Nebraska, along with Nebraska Appleseed.
Vic Klafter, one of the rally organizers, said a living wage is a basic human right.
“A living wage was a crucial, critical element for me being able to access health care, to have steady meals,” Klafter said. “I visited the food pantry frequently when I was in college, and so I’m grateful to be in a position where I can support organizers and leaders who are directly impacted by this now.”
Klafter and others who spoke focused on a few major talking points. The main one was that a living wage is absolutely crucial to keeping people alive. Nebraskans did vote to gradually increase the minimum wage in 2022, a measure that bumped it to $10.50 an hour this year and increases it to $15 an hour by 2026.
State Sen. Eliot Bostar introduced Legislative Bill 935, saying his goal is to let county leaders set wages that make sense for the local economy and local cost of living.
Nebraskans voted largely in favor of the measure — 59% of voters favored it — which was why Klafter was particularly frustrated by both Raybould and Sen. Tom Briese of Albion. Briese proposed a similar bill that was eventually merged with Raybould’s bill.
“I was glad to see Nebraska firmly approve (the minimum wage increase) in 2022,” Klafter said. “I am deeply frustrated with senators’ efforts, especially Sens. Briese and Raybould, who introduced the original bills, the Business and Labor Committee for advancing it and Sen. Raybould, who has prioritized it.”
Many grocery store owners support the bill. Raybould’s family owns a chain of grocery stores.
Klafter and other organizers are working to ensure that their voices are heard. A journal was passed around Saturday, and attendees were encouraged to share a personal anecdote about what a living wage means to them. He said organizers hope to send one story each day to Raybould for the remainder of the time that the Legislature is in session.
And, above all, they want to advocate for a group that cannot advocate for itself through the voting process.
“It’s a long road, but these are really reasonable, moderate steps on that path,” Klafter said. “We believe that everyone does better when the community has what it needs.”
The states with the most working teenagers
States With the Most Working Teenagers

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Volatility in the U.S. labor market during the COVID-19 pandemic has produced many challenges for employers and laborers alike, and the teenage labor force is no different.
In 2020, when much of the economy was shut down or operating at reduced capacity, many of the industries that were hardest-hit were also those that typically employ a higher share of teens, like food service and retail. As a result, the summer of 2020 saw a noticeable downturn in the share of teens who were working, nearly eliminating the modest gains in teen employment since the Great Recession.
More recently, employers have been experiencing a shortage of labor that may provide new job opportunities for teenage workers. Many of the positions that employers eliminated last year are now the ones that employers are struggling to fill with quit rates at historic highs and the overall labor force participation rate still well below pre-pandemic levels. And with employers raising wages to attract new hires, teens who are looking for work stand to benefit.
Despite current conditions, it appears unlikely that teen labor force participation will reverse a decades-long decline. Trends in teen employment tend to be seasonal, as more teens are able to work in the summer, and cyclical, as employers are more likely to hire entry-level workers when the economy is good and cut those positions in lean times. Even after accounting for these variations, the downward trend in teen employment in recent years is unmistakable. Looking at statistics dating back to 1948, teen labor force participation peaked at nearly 60% in the late 1970s, and more than half of teens were working up until the turn of the century. Participation dropped to around 35% in the wake of the Great Recession and has remained fairly flat ever since.
Labor force participation for teens declined a lot since the 1970s

Researchers have identified several explanations for why recent generations of teenagers are working less than their predecessors. One of the primary factors is that young people face more time pressure from school, which has made it difficult to work during the school year. In the summer, extended school years and programs for remediation or enrichment similarly pose obstacles to working. Additionally, employers today offer fewer of the low-level positions for which teens are qualified, and teenagers face more competition for these roles from older workers and immigrants.
One additional factor in teen employment is the minimum wage. Because teens have fewer specialized skills and less work experience, employers usually pay them at lower levels than older and more experienced workers. The federal minimum hourly wage has been set at $7.25 since 2009, but more than half of states have introduced minimum wages above that standard. Recent years have also seen nationwide campaigns to raise wages to $15 per hour or more. In jurisdictions where minimum wages are higher, there is some correlation with lower teen employment, as employers looking to save on labor costs may decline to hire younger workers. As a result, further increases to minimum wage standards would benefit the teens who do work but could also lead to declines in teen employment overall.
State level data shows that wages are not the only factor that determines teen employment. For example, Utah and Mississippi both have the lowest possible minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. Utah leads the nation with a 53.2% labor force participation rate for teenagers, while Mississippi has the second-lowest rate at 25.5%. In general, most of the states with the highest teen labor force participation are found in the Midwest and Mountain West, which may be a product of demographic, economic, or cultural factors in those states.
Utah, Kansas and Wisconsin have the highest teen labor force participation rates

Data on teen labor force participation, teen population, part-time and full-time workers and the teen unemployment rate are from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Minimum wage statistics were compiled from state government websites. To identify the states with the most working teenagers, researchers at Self Financial ranked states based on their teen labor force participation rates for 2020—defined as the total number of teenagers aged 16–19 in the labor force divided by the total, noninstitutionalized population aged 16–19.
Here are the states with the most working teenagers.
15. Delaware

Photo Credit: Jon Bilous / Shutterstock
- Teen labor force participation rate: 41.6%
- Total teens in the labor force: 19,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 46,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 31.3%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 68.8%
- Teen unemployment rate: 20.9%
- State minimum wage: $9.25
14. Oregon

Photo Credit: Jon Bilous / Shutterstock
- Teen labor force participation rate: 42.6%
- Total teens in the labor force: 90,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 212,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 38.9%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 61.1%
- Teen unemployment rate: 20.0%
- State minimum wage: $12.75
13. North Dakota

Photo Credit: Jacob Boomsma / Shutterstock
- Teen labor force participation rate: 43.1%
- Total teens in the labor force: 14,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 34,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 30.8%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 69.2%
- Teen unemployment rate: 10.1%
- State minimum wage: $7.25
12. Colorado

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- Teen labor force participation rate: 43.2%
- Total teens in the labor force: 129,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 299,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 29.4%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 70.6%
- Teen unemployment rate: 15.7%
- State minimum wage: $12.32
11. Wyoming

Photo Credit: Jacob Boomsma / Shutterstock
- Teen labor force participation rate: 45.2%
- Total teens in the labor force: 13,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 29,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 27.3%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 72.7%
- Teen unemployment rate: 11.9%
- State minimum wage: $7.25
10. Montana

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- Teen labor force participation rate: 45.3%
- Total teens in the labor force: 23,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 51,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 31.6%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 68.4%
- Teen unemployment rate: 14.6%
- State minimum wage: $8.75
9. Ohio

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- Teen labor force participation rate: 45.4%
- Total teens in the labor force: 288,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 634,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 27.9%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 72.1%
- Teen unemployment rate: 19.0%
- State minimum wage: $8.80
8. Nebraska

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- Teen labor force participation rate: 45.4%
- Total teens in the labor force: 46,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 100,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 31.7%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 68.3%
- Teen unemployment rate: 10.0%
- State minimum wage: $9.00
7. Idaho

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- Teen labor force participation rate: 46.3%
- Total teens in the labor force: 42,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 90,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 31.4%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 68.6%
- Teen unemployment rate: 15.5%
- State minimum wage: $7.25
6. New Hampshire

Photo Credit: Jon Bilous / Shutterstock
- Teen labor force participation rate: 48.1%
- Total teens in the labor force: 30,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 63,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 26.9%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 73.1%
- Teen unemployment rate: 14.0%
- State minimum wage: $7.25
5. Iowa

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- Teen labor force participation rate: 48.3%
- Total teens in the labor force: 78,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 161,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 30.0%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 70.0%
- Teen unemployment rate: 10.2%
- State minimum wage: $7.25
4. Minnesota

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- Teen labor force participation rate: 49.2%
- Total teens in the labor force: 137,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 279,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 24.6%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 75.4%
- Teen unemployment rate: 13.6%
- State minimum wage: $10.08
3. Wisconsin

Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Teen labor force participation rate: 51.9%
- Total teens in the labor force: 153,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 295,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 27.9%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 72.1%
- Teen unemployment rate: 10.8%
- State minimum wage: $7.25
2. Kansas

Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Teen labor force participation rate: 52.8%
- Total teens in the labor force: 81,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 153,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 24.3%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 75.7%
- Teen unemployment rate: 13.6%
- State minimum wage: $7.25
1. Utah

Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Teen labor force participation rate: 53.2%
- Total teens in the labor force: 102,000
- Total civilian noninstitutionalized population 16–19: 192,000
- Percentage of teen workers that are full-time: 28.3%
- Percentage of teen workers that are part-time: 71.7%
- Teen unemployment rate: 9.8%
- State minimum wage: $7.25